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Trends of Child Wasting and Stunting in Uganda from 1995 to 2016, and Progress Towards 65TH World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
90-95
Received:
3 July 2018
Accepted:
13 August 2018
Published:
4 September 2018
Abstract: Between 1995 and 2016, the government of Uganda ratified several commitments to fight child undernutrition including achieving the 65th World Health Assembly (WHA) targets of reducing stunting and wasting by 2025. It is important we monitor such commitments to inform policy makers about the progress of their commitments. The objective of this study was to review national and regional trends of stunting and wasting in Uganda from 1995 to 2016, and assess progress towards the 65th WHA global nutrition targets for stunting and wasting. The Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys conducted from 1995 to 2016 were used to review national regional trends in stunting and wasting for children less than five years of age. At national level, the prevalence of wasting decreased from 5.3% in 1995 to 4.0% in 2016 while the prevalence of stunting decreased from 38.3% in 1995 to 29% in 2016. The annual reduction rate of stunting and wasting were 0.45% and 0.01% respectively. At regional level, the prevalence of wasting in Karamoja increased from 7.1% in 2011 to 10% in 2016, a similar trend of wasting was observed in west Nile (from 6.2 % in 2011 to 10.4 % in 2016), the prevalence of stunting (13.5% in 2011 to 18% in 2016) increased in Kampala region. In the year 2016, there was regional inequalities of stunting and wasting. Some regions were above or below the national prevalence. There was an overall decline of wasting and stunting in Uganda between 1995 and 2016, but the prevalence of stunting remained unacceptably high at 29%. By the year 2016, Uganda had already achieved the 65th WHA target for wasting but may not achieve for stunting by 2025 if the annual reduction rate of stunting remains low at 0.45%. These findings summarize progress achieved towards fighting stunting and wasting in the last two decades in Uganda and help identify regions that need feasible interventions.
Abstract: Between 1995 and 2016, the government of Uganda ratified several commitments to fight child undernutrition including achieving the 65th World Health Assembly (WHA) targets of reducing stunting and wasting by 2025. It is important we monitor such commitments to inform policy makers about the progress of their commitments. The objective of this study...
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Age, Educational Attainment and Household Socio-Economic Status Influence the Risk of Overweight and Obesity Among Women in Uganda
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
96-105
Received:
30 July 2018
Accepted:
15 August 2018
Published:
21 September 2018
Abstract: Obesity is a leading non-communicable disease pandemic of the digital revolution period, associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality from myriad of chronic diseases, high healthcare costs and disproportionately affects more women than men in Uganda. The extent to which age, educational attainment and household socio-economic status influence the risk of overweight and obesity are less investigated in Uganda. This study examined the effect of age, educational attainment and household socio-economic status on overweight and obesity among 5,397 non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years that participated in the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. The outcomes (overweight and obesity) were measured using body mass index. Self-reported age, educational attainment and household socio-economic status were the exposure variables of interest. Binary logistic regression models adjusted for confounding variables were employed to determine association between exposure and outcome variables. Results showed that 16.6 and 7.1% of the women were overweight and obese respectively. The largest proportion (23.74%) of women was aged that in the age group of 15-19 years. 56.6% attained primary level education, 24% were living in the richest households. Being in the age group of 45-49 years was associated with increased risk of overweight (OR 2.45; 95% CI, 1.39-4.33) and obesity (OR 10.59; 95% CI, 4.08 -27.52).There was inadequate evidence to demonstrate existence of an association between educational attainment and overweight and obesity. Household socio-economic status was associated with increased risk of overweight (OR 2.22; 95% CI, 1.68-2.93) for women in rich households and (OR 3.07; 95% CI, 2.26-4.18) for women in the richest households compared to those living in poor households. Similarly household socio-economic status was associated with increased risk of obesity (OR 4.96; 95% CI, 2.96-8.31) for women in rich and (OR 14.97; 95% CI, 8.77-25.57) for those in the richest households in comparison with women in poor households respectively. Conclusively, whereas there seems to be no relationship between educational attainment and overweight and obesity, age, and household socio-economic status are positively associated with overweight and obesity among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Uganda.
Abstract: Obesity is a leading non-communicable disease pandemic of the digital revolution period, associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality from myriad of chronic diseases, high healthcare costs and disproportionately affects more women than men in Uganda. The extent to which age, educational attainment and household socio-economic status in...
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Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina on Some Indices of Liver, Kidney Function and Lipid Profile in Theobromine Intoxicated Male Albino Wistar Rats
Edet Okon Akpanyung,
Utibe Evans Bassey,
Emem Ekpenyong Udofia,
Grace Sylvester Effiong
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
106-114
Received:
6 August 2018
Accepted:
21 August 2018
Published:
26 September 2018
Abstract: The effect of ethanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on some indices of liver, kidney function and lipid profile in male albino Wistar rats intoxicated with theobromine was investigated. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats weighing between 140 g – 160 g used for the study were divided into 6 groups with 5 animals in each group. Group I served as control while Group 2 received 700 mg/kg bw of theobromine daily for 4 days. Group 3 received 400 mg/kg bw of V. amygdalina leaf extract daily for 21 days while Groups 4 and 5 were treated with 400 mg/kg bw of V. amygdalina leaf extract for 21 days before and after intoxication with 700 mg/kg bw of theobromine for 4 days respectively. Group 6 was given 700 mg/kg bw of theobromine daily for 4 days and then allowed for 21 days without treatment. Serum was obtained from whole blood and used to determine activities of some serum enzymes and lipid profile as well as kidney function. The liver, kidney and heart were excised and used for histological studies. The results show significantly increased serum enzyme activities, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentration in Group 2 compared to the control (P < 0.05). HDL cholesterol was significantly decreased in theobromine treated group when compared to Group 1 (P < 0.05). Administration of V. amygdalina leaf extract alone showed results close to those of the control. Group 4 showed decreased serum enzyme activities, decreased concentration of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol while HDL cholesterol was increased significantly when compared to Group 2. Group 5 also showed a significant difference in the biochemical indices when compared to Group 2 while Group 6 show decreased serum enzyme activity that was significant when compared to Group 2. The urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased in theobromine intoxicated animals while administration of Vernonia amygdalina normalised these parameters. Histology of the liver, kidney and heart revealed altered cellular architecture following administration of theobromine (Group 2) while normal histological features were restored after treatment with ethanol leaf extract of V. amygdalina. The study has demonstrated that ethanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina ameliorate and protect liver, kidney and heart of male albino Wistar rats against theobromine induced toxicity and modulates the adverse effects on lipid profile.
Abstract: The effect of ethanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on some indices of liver, kidney function and lipid profile in male albino Wistar rats intoxicated with theobromine was investigated. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats weighing between 140 g – 160 g used for the study were divided into 6 groups with 5 animals in each group. Group I served as cont...
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